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NGC 3504

Coordinates: Sky map 11h 03m 11.2s, +27° 58′ 21″
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NGC 3504
NGC 3504 (Hubble Space Telescope)
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationLeo Minor
Right ascension11h 03m 11.2s[1]
Declination+27° 58′ 21″[1]
Redshift1534 ± 2 km/s[1]
Apparent magnitude (V)11.67[1]
Characteristics
Type(R)SAB(s)ab[1]
Apparent size (V)2.7′ × 2.1′[1]
Other designations
UGC 6118, MCG +05-26-039, PGC 33371[2]

NGC 3504 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo Minor. It has a Hubble distance corresponding to 88 million light-years[3] and was discovered by William Herschel in 1785.[4]

The luminosity class of NGC 3504 is I-II, with a broad HI line containing regions of ionized hydrogen. Additionally, it is classfied as a starburst galaxy.[5]

There is a large amount of molecular gas centered on the galactic nucleus. Compared with other barred spiral galaxies, NGC 3504 is in an early phase of its evolution.[6]

Morphology

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NGC 3504 is classified as a type (R1')SAB(rs)ab galaxy.[7][8] It has a bright point-like nucleus embedded inside its galactic budge that is crossed by a thin bar. It has spiral arms found wrapping around its inner ring which then peels off to form an outer, broken pseudo-ring. The galaxy shows little evidence of star formation.[9]

Star-forming disk

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According to Hubble Space Telescope, a star-forming disk has been found around the nucleus of NGC 3504, which the size of the disk's axis is estimated to be 200 pc (~650 light years).[10]

Mass

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The mass of NGC 3504 has been difficult to narrow down, but it is believed to be between 2.5*109 M⊙ and 9*109 M⊙.[11]

Supermassive black hole

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The supermassive black hole in NGC 3504 is estimated to be 107.8 M○ (or 63 million solar masses), according to near-infrared K-band brightness measurements for the galaxy's budge.[12]

Supernovae

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Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 3504: SN 1998cf and SN 2001ac.

SN 1998cf

SN1998cf was discovered in March 1998 by Eric Emsellem via CCD images captured at Canada-France-Hawaii Observatory and also by Karl Gordon and Geoffrey Clayton from Louisiana State University.[13] This supernova had an unknown type with a magnitude of 15.[14]

SN 2001ac

SN 2001ac was discovered at magnitude 18.2, on 12 March 2001 by W. D. Li and S. Beckmann from the University of California, Berkeley. This supernova was initially thought to be type IIn, but later analysis concluded that it was a Calcium-rich supernova, sometimes referred to as a "gap" transient.[15]

NGC 3504 group

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NGC 3504 is the brightest member of the NGC 3504 Group, which is a member of the Leo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the right edge of the Virgo Supercluster.[16] There are eight other galaxies in the group including NGC 3380, NGC 3400, NGC 3414, NGC 3451, NGC 3512, UGC 5921 and UGC 5958.[17] This NGC 3504 group is also mentioned by Abraham Mahtessian in his research paper published in 1998.[18]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 3504. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  2. ^ "NGC 3504". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  3. ^ "Results for NGC 3504". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  4. ^ "New General Catalog Objects: NGC 3500 - 3549". cseligman.com. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  5. ^ Balzano, V. A. (1983-05-01). "Star-burst galactic nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 268: 602–627. Bibcode:1983ApJ...268..602B. doi:10.1086/160983. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ^ Franco, J & F, Ferrini (1993). Star Formation, Galaxies and the Interstellar Medium. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44412-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Gérard de Vaucouleurs' Atlas of Galaxies". cseligman.com. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  8. ^ "Galaxy Morphology of NGC 3504". kudzu.astr.ua.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  9. ^ de Jong, Roelof S. (1996), "Colour Gradients in the Optical and Near-IR", Spiral Galaxies in the Near-IR, ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 43–47, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49739-4_6, ISBN 978-3-662-22429-8, retrieved 2024-07-25
  10. ^ Comerón, S.; Knapen, J. H.; Beckman, J. E.; Laurikainen, E.; Salo, H.; Martínez-Valpuesta, I.; Buta, R. J. (March 2010). "AINUR: Atlas of Images of NUclear Rings". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 402 (4): 2462–2490. arXiv:0908.0272. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.2462C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16057.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  11. ^ Burbidge; et al. (1960). "The Rotation and Approximate Mass of NGC 3504".
  12. ^ Dong, X. Y.; De Robertis, M. M. (March 2006). "Low-Luminosity Active Galaxies and Their Central Black Holes". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (3): 1236–1252. arXiv:astro-ph/0510694. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1236D. doi:10.1086/499334. ISSN 0004-6256.
  13. ^ "IAUC 6914: 1998cf; Var STAR NEAR NGC 4013?". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  14. ^ Transient Name Server entry for SN 1998cf. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  15. ^ "AT 2001ac | Transient Name Server". www.wis-tns.org. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  16. ^ "The Leo III Groups". Atlas of the Universe. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  17. ^ Garcia, A. M. (1993-07-01). "General study of group membership. II. Determination of nearby groups". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 100: 47–90. Bibcode:1993A&AS..100...47G. ISSN 0365-0138.
  18. ^ Mahtessian, A. P. (1998-07-01). "Groups of galaxies. III. Some empirical characteristics". Astrophysics. 41 (3): 308–321. Bibcode:1998Ap.....41..308M. doi:10.1007/BF03036100. ISSN 0571-7256.
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